Drug cartels and us involvement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Drug cartels and us involvement - Research Paper Example In addition, other significant activities of the Gulf cartel are present in Monterrey in Nuevo Leon and Morelia in Michoacan. Finally, there is the Tijuana cartel which is approximated to be spread in 15 states. It conducts most of its operations in Tijuana, Mexicali, Tecate, and Ensenada in Baja California and in parts of Sinaloa. In the past years alliances have been established by the major cartels. An alliance was formed between Tijuana cartel and the Gulf cartel as a result of prison negotiations made by the cartels leaders. Other cartels came together and established the federation alliance. This alliance is mainly under the leadership of the Sinaloa, Juarez, and Valencia cartels representatives. In most cases the cartels still remain independent even though they work jointly. The availability of the illegal drugs has also been on the rise in the United States. The expanding activity from drugs cartels in Mexico has contributed greatly to this condition. These cartels are the m ost drug trafficking threat to the United States (Stich, 123). The Mexican drug war is considered to be a continuous armed conflict among the drug cartels that are competing for regional control and the Mexican government forces that are battling to bring the drug trafficking to an end. Mexico as a country is popular for production and transit of drugs. It is considered to be the leading foreign supplier of marijuana and also top supplier of methamphetamine to the United States. Most cartels in Mexico have been in existence for a longer period but their power has become significant in recent years especially after Medellin and Cali cartel’s in Columbia came to an end. ... Even though Mexico produces a smaller percentage of heroin in the whole world, it is the leading supplier of heroin in the United States. Most cartels in Mexico have been in existence for a longer period but their power has become significant in recent years especially after Medellin and Cali cartel’s in Columbia came to an end. The cocaine traffic was moved to Mexico after the trafficking route in Florida was closed. This resulted in tremendous increase in the trafficking of cocaine by the Mexican cartels (Friesendorf, 130-132). The Mexican cartels have also grown marijuana in the United States, and are located in the federal land in California. Currently they are increasing their drug production to northwest in the pacific area and a small portion in the eastern side of the United States. All those involved in these different areas have joined together to form strong ties. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center, the American illicit drug market has been dominated mostly by the drug cartels from Mexico. The center also reveals that the cartels have a transport network which is well established. This helps them in the transportation of cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and heroin to the various destinations. There has been continuous balanced power in the different cartels as others are introduced and the older ones are weakened. In most cases their system is disrupted when the key leaders are arrested or even killed. The top rival’s takes an advantage and tries to occupy the power vacuum and this in most cases results in bloodshed. Leadership vacuum in some cases is as a result of successful law enforcement against a specific

Chicken run Essay Example for Free

Chicken run Essay Executive summary: 1998, Excel Poultry Meat Sdn Bhd (EPM) was a SME located in Kluang, Johor, operating business of chicken farming and supplying chicken throughout Malaysia. This subsidiary of PCK holding since 2005 was managed by Encik Selamat, a Certified Public Accountant (CPA). It became one of top 5 chicken suppliers within mid-tier producers in the country due to increasing demand in year 2000 from superstores and fast-food chains, high chicken consumption by Malaysian, and expansion of chicken industry. However, in 2008, cost of poultry production increased. EPM operating cash was low and severe, that it â€Å"had puzzled Encik Selamat† (p. 4). Other problems were also identified. Decision Maker: Credit Controller Ms Choy is the decision maker as she has the responsibility to make the right decision regarding unethical conduct of Encik Selamat, she can convince Board of Directors about En. Selamat. If she failed to convince BOD to take action, she can then reveal the issue to the auditor, besides mentioning to the auditor the lack of segregation of duty in the business operation. She can execute and monitor implementation and performance of employees under her responsibility and convince her friend, Puan Azura to do the same. What should Ms. Choy do? Analysis: 1) SWOT analysis S – STRENGTHS | W – WEAKNESSES | * One of top 5 chicken suppliers * Continuing profitability and growth * Good promotional strategy * Qualified accountant (Encik Kasim) * Reliable Credit Controller (Ms Choy) * Encik Selamat’s reputation in community| * En. Selamat’s lack of expertise in poultry and meat industry * 2008’s operational crisis * Lack of focus of business operation * Cash flow issue * Conflict of interest * Possible error/ fraud/fictitious transaction * En. Selamat’s connection | O – OPPORTUNITIES | T – THREATS | * Malaysians’ highest consumption rates * Popular quick-service restaurants * East Coast Economics Region (ECER) * Emerging of giant superstores * Institutional retailing| * Production cost had risen about 56. 5% * Drop in demand * Credit limit of Cold Gold| The company has strong position in the industry as it is one of top 5 chicken suppliers. This means that EPM has a big portion of the market share in the industry. EPM also is strong for its sustained profit and growth. EPM had been able to maintain its operations and started making profit since the buoyant demand of chicken consumption. Besides, with initial capital of RM3. 6 million and starting with 20 employees, now, EPM had more than 200 employees. Occupied with good promotional strategy, EPM’s management team seized every opportunity in the industry. Moreover, EPM has capable key employees, which two of them are a qualified accountant, Encik Kasim and a reliable Credit Controller, Ms Choy. These employees contribute significantly towards the operation of EPM especially in the finance sector. In addition, Encik Selamat’s reputation in community is a strong influence of EPM towards the society where EPM was based. He was a public figure that will be contested in the local city council. En. Selamat’s lack of expertise in poultry and meat industry contributed a negative element in EPM as En. Selamat need to gain skills and expertise in the industry. Even though he was especially worried about the current unfavorable condition of EPM, his experience in this industry may not be sufficient. Besides, 2008’s operational crisis of EPM placed En. Selamat away from a smooth career track as recorded before 2008. EPM was lack of focus of business operation as it was at the infant stage and yet to mature in a proper method of management. Next, within EPM, there was cash flow issue and the company had to resort to short term borrowing which subjected to higher interest payment obligations. There was conflict of interest between Encik Selamat’s personal deal with Encik Azman, former college mate which was one of the executive of Cold Gold and the company’s interest. Cold Gold was one of EPM’s major customers. This relationship may impair En. Selamat’s judgment. In EPM, a few possible error/ fraud/fictitious transactions were detected, especially the irregularities in debtors’ account. The symptoms lead to a conclusion that it was caused by the former employee of EPM, En. Munir. Another factor that can be considered as EPM’s weakness point is En. Selamat’s connection with parent company of EPM, PCK Holding, where En. Selamat might be able to secure his position in EPM despite the problem he created without facing any punishment. The industry is in quite a potential market where Malaysians’ highest consumption rates of poultry and meat product. Malaysia was having one of the highest per capita consumption rates in the world for chicken (32. 5 kg) and eggs (298 units) and there were no dietary prohibitions (during these years) and religious restrictions against chicken consumption. In addition to household and traditional delicacies demand, the surge of popular quick-service restaurants from outside Malaysia and home-grown fast food chains intensified the market. Besides being the recognized poultry exporter, the industry was supported by the government through the East Coast Economics Region (ECER) as the poultry sector was part of the plan. Emerging of giant superstores and institutional retailing also enhanced the bright future of the industry. Despite the favorable situations in the market, EPM faced threat of chicken feed which resulting the production cost to rise about 56. 5%. Federation of Livestock Farmers’ Associations of Malaysia (FLFAM) made a call for higher chicken prices in order to protect producers’ earning in the face of feed cost hike. However, when the sellers did increase the retail price, some producers complained that they seen a drop in demand. Another threat was the credit limit of Cold Gold Sdn Bhd which had exceeded its level. This has significant effect to the company as Cold Gold is one of EPM’s major customers multiplied with the other issues faced by EPM. Increment in production cost Drop in demand Low cash flow High interest expense INABILITY TO PREDICT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE FORCAST CONSEQUENCES: LACK OF COORDINATION IN CONTROL AND REPORTING: Credit limit control Debtor confirmation Misstatement Lack of segregation of duty LACK OF COMMITMENT FROM SENIOR MANAGEMENT: Lack of expertise Lack of focus Conflict of interest Unethical behavior Reluctance in taking action LOW PERFORMANCE 2) Fishbone diagram According to Peter Drucker, â€Å"management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things†. Thus, the major issue in this case is unorganized management which leads to bad performance of the company. EPM faced problem as it fails to get commitment from senior management. As a leader, Encik Selamat was lacking of expertise in poultry industry, actively involved in social and community work instead of focusing more on business operation like, had conflict of interest (agency problem) while handling credit limit issue, and had under table deal with the client. Director himself had shown lack of leadership skill and ethical awareness as he kept silent regarding the unethical behavior of Encik Selamat and had more concern on reputation than ethical conduct. Besides, management of EPM is lacking of coordination in control and reporting. This can be seen from the severity of insufficient cash flow which was noticed only when significant borrowings had been made, high expenses, and loss incurred. Lack of segregation of duty also had given wide opportunity for misstatement by employees. Finally, EPM fails to predict environmental change regarding cost of production that leads to low profit making as EMP did not make any preparation or back-up plan to overcome such problems. 3) Financial Evidence on the operation of EPM: Financial Ratio Ratio| Formula| 2006| 2007| 2008| Interpretation| GP ratio (%)| (GP/Sales)*100| 5. 4845| 1. 6542| 1. 0814| Due to increment in COGS, EPM is profiting only 1 cent for every dollar of product sold in 2008| Inventory turnover ratio| COGS/Inventory| 16. 6774| 36. 0667| 28. 4962| EPM is turning over its inventory on average, 3 times per month in 2007 while this reduces to twice per month in 2008. | AR turnover ratio| Net sales/AR| 4. 3071| 3. 3957| 2. 8808| EPM takes around 3 months to collect its debt in 2006, while it takes more than 4 months in 2008. | Days to collect AR| 365/AR turnover ratio| 84. 7441| 107. 49| 126. 702| | Description of case exhibit (Account abstract): %Increase| 06to07| In 2007, cost increased while revenue did not increase much, and operating loss was recorded as retail price was only increased in August 2008. Thus, increment of revenue from in 2008 by 36. 16% corresponds with increment in cost in that year. Expenses took 30% of operating profit in 2006 while it took almost twice the operating profit in 2008. This might be due to interest payment made for short-term borrowing. Increment in trade receivable may not be the true amount as there were cases of misstatement. Stock in 2008 was higher due to lower demand. 07to08| Rev| 0. 57| 36. 16| COGS| 4. 64| 36. 95| Oper profit| -69. 67| -10. 99| Exp| 37. 50| 45. 45| Net| -108. 64| -315. 79| Trade rec| 27. 56| 60. 49| Stock| -51. 61| 73. 33| Trade cr| 62. 16| 50. 00| Alternatives available to the protagonist: Option 1: Ms. Choy can choose not to disclose the issues that she managed to investigate within EPM. This will benefit in saving the reputation of the company in public as well as the General Manager, Encik Selamat to secure his reputation in the coming city council election. Besides, Ms. Choy can justify her action of not bringing the matter up as Encik Selamat is an important staff of EPM and she had done her part by approaching one of the directors who was reluctant to take action against Encik Selamat. The drawbacks of this choice are ethical aspect and long term impact towards the company as a whole. Choosing not to disclose the facts is an unethical behavior on Ms Choy’s part. As for the long term, the public will find out the reality of the company as time goes because the auditors are likely to question the irregularities and Ms Choy will be interrogated. In the end, the company, En Selamat and Ms Choy need to face the huge impact of being nontransparent to the stakeholders. Option 2: Ms Choy has the right to disclose her findings straight to the external auditors as she has no direct authority to take any action towards the misappropriate culture in the company as well as the director which she had approached was hesitated to do so. By this, Ms Choy’s responsibility to report to public is passed to auditors and the problem is most likely will be solved. However, this aggressive decision will affect EPM severely in terms of drop in share price and reputation. Besides, the share price of the parent company will be affected too and the dropping trend will continue for a long time. Furthermore, the reputation of Encik Selamat will be highlighted by the public and media, subsequent of the auditors’ disclosure. Option 3: Ms Choy can opt to disclose the matter internally to the board of directors. Besides, she had found evidences to support her claims about the low performance of EPM. The benefit that EPM will gain from her disclosure is to ratify the problem before the auditors’ visit the following month. If the auditor is not satisfied with EPM’s condition, justification of ratification can be made and EPM will not be punished with qualified financial reports, which is not favorable. This decision may result in impairment of EPM’s and PCK’s reputation and share prices but the impact will be lower than the second option above. Recommendation and action plan: Based on analysis above, it is recommended for Ms Choy to choose Option 3 which is to disclose the matter internally to the board of directors. Suggested steps to follow are: 1. Bring the matter with sufficient evidences and justifications together with possible solution to board of directors 2. Check whether EPM has a written guideline relating to these issues and take proper actions against these issues (e. g. salary cut, not giving bonus etc. ) 3. If no written guideline is established, in case to avoid similar situation in the future, Ms. Choy should suggest for EPM to; a. Set up and appoint an independent committees of directors to monitor the performance and compensation of staffs b. Establish policies for clear ethical conducts, job scopes and management of EPM especially to solve ethical and agency problems c. Establish a whistle-blowing policies to encourage staffs to report any irregularities d. Communicate and implement guidelines and policies across levels of management, and absorb them as the EPM’s corporate culture to be shared within the organization.

Global Reputation of American People Essay -- essays research papers

The American If asked to describe Americans in a few words, some foreigner's may use such adjectives as 'powerful, influential, smart, wealthy or patriotic.' Undoubtedly others will venture on to say that Americans are 'lazy, spoiled, reckless, arrogant, or foolish.' There is no doubt that a foreigner who has never stepped foot on American soil will probably have distorted but firm views of America, its people and its government. This is because America is very influential, both positively and negatively, around the world. For any born and raised American it may still be hard to give a clear, unbiased perception of America, simply because America is so diverse and few have seen all that the United States has to offer. As a born and raised American, who has seen but a glimpse compared to what is offered within the boundaries of our country, not to mention, I have yet to have the opportunity to see and live in any other country, by which I could compare America. I can only give an overview of what I have observed, both first-hand and second. Americans are for the most part ignorant, selfish, egotistical, and irrational, however, we are also diverse, enterprising, competitive, and?best of all?liberated. I could not imagine myself living in Iraq right now?nor any other far away country for that matter. What?s worst than the fact that I can?t is that many don?t try. Not only is the most impoverished American citizen entitled to some means of government nourishment but many complain about it. We also love to accept welfare checks, complain that immigrants are taking our jobs, and at the same time refuse the jobs that are ?below? us as Americans. It isn?t just the lower class either, the upper and middle class is guilty of ignorance an... ...hat are protecting us. One recent case was with the Patriot Act. After the occurrence of 9/11 everyone, for the most part, was in favor of the Patriot Act because they believed it would protect them. However, after the nation?s nerves began to settle and people weren?t as anxious, many Americans decided the Patriot Act was actually inconvenient for them and changed their minds. It would seem that no matter how much freedom is awarded to us we will never be satisfied. Furthermore, Americans happen to be indecisive and irrational when it comes to their own government. In all, Americans can be ignorant, selfish, egotistical, irrational and indecisive, while also remaining diverse, enterprising and competitive. Best of all, we are liberated. Of course my views are only generalizations. As I said, we are a diverse people and do not share any characteristics as a nation.

Isolation in Bartleby the Scrivener :: Bartleby Scrivener Essays

Isolation in Bartleby the Scrivener "I prefer not to," "I prefer not to," tells the reader about Bartleby isolating himself. The phrase shows his lack of involvement, another form of isolation. The narrator tells the reader exactly what he did to Bartleby, very vividly, as shown below. In the novella, the author tells the reader, down to the smallest detail, what he did to Bartleby to isolate him from the world. He tells us in this passage, "I placed his desk close up to a small side window in that part of the room, a window which originally had afforded a lateral view of certain grimy backyards, and bricks, but which, owning to insubsequent erections, commanded at present, no view at all, though it gave some light. Within three feet of the panes was a wall, and the light came down from far above between two lofty buildings, as from a very small opening in a dome. Still further to satisfactory arrangement, I procured a green folding screen, which might entirely isolate Bartleby from my sight, t hough, not remove him from my voice." The quotation describes how the narrator secludes Bartleby from society. Even his window, usually a form of escape, results in Bartleby being trapped behind another wall, thus reinforcing his total isolation. The irony lies in the fact that the narrator, while trying to isolate Bartleby, becomes affected by it, so much so that he appears almost human. Instead of dismissing him on the spot for refusing to copy, proofread or leave the premises, he tries to find other employment for him, and even considers inviting him to live in his residence as his guest. The narrator develops before our eyes into a caring person, very different from the cold, unsympathetic person at the beginning of the story. "To befriend Bartleby, to humor him in his strange willfulness, will cost me little or nothing, while I lay up in my soul what will eventually prove a sweet morsel for my conscience." The narrator would normally befriend Bartleby or any othe r "sucker," but Bartleby has given him a conscience. The narrator has realized that a common blemish in a person does not determine the person. In the beginning of the novella, the narrator only cared about his work, but now he realizes that people have a life outside of work, except Bartleby.

Html5

Currently, in terms of web development, Flash, in spite of its success, is still not regarded as a standard because it is a proprietary technology provider. While web plays an important role in business, communication and society should not be in the hands of an independent supplier. However, giving up Flash means to redesign the web, with all the difficulty and costly. Now, when the HTML5 appears, the emergence of HTML5 creates more confidence and convenience to those who do not like Flash.This paper focuses on the very first definition of HTML to lead you to the modern web which may replace Flash in the near future. What is it HTML is a language that provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML5  is currently under development, as the next major revision of the HTML standard. This code can now be used for new functions that can benefit developers and Internet user s. What it consists of? HTML5 concludes a number of new elements and attributes.The most important of them are: CANVAS ELEMENT The canvas element can be used for describing graphs, game graphics or other visual images on the fly. Having to rely on plug-ins is not necessary. The possibilities are endless. VIDEO ELEMENT Embedding video used to be impossible without third-party plugins such as Apple QuickTime or Adobe Flash. Thanks to video element, now it’s possible. It is intended by its creators to become the new standard way to show video online. GEOLOCATION Locating a users’ place is not a new thing on the web. In fact, most websites already do this by means of IP address detection.But this is not always reliable, so HTML5’s geolocation is an alternative method of correctly pinpointing a users’ location. The new idea is to get the location information from Wi-fi towers and GPS. OFFLINE WEB APPLICATION Despite of their unavailable network connection, the offline web applications enable users to continue interacting with web applications and documents. The user can, for instance, access email locally without having to connect to the Internet or install an external client. How it works HTML5 provides support for video and audio â€Å"naturally†.It means that users can watch videos on site like the way they read the text format without having to bother installing Flash system program or any other plug-in program or not. How it will be used HTML5 has been developed since 2004 but now suppliers of Apple, Opera, Mozilla and Google recently built new elements of this compatible language in browsers. In the end of January, YouTube – the biggest video sharing website in the world – announced to test HTML5. Even Microsoft, along with promoting Sliverlight technology (to compete with Flash), also became interested in web standards and intended to bring HTML5 to Internet Explorer.Benefits compare with other technology * Of fline storage: Kind of like â€Å"Super Cookies†, but with much more space to store for both one-time data and persistent app databases. * Canvas drawing: Sites can mark off a space on a page where interactive pictures, charts and graphs, game components, and whatever else imagination allows can be drawn directly by programming code and user interaction—no Flash or other plug-ins required. * Smarter form: Search boxes, text inputs, and other you-type-here fields get better controls for focusing, validating data, interacting with other page elements, sending through email, and more. Web application focus: It’s fair to say that HTML5 is aimed to make it easier to build wikis, drag-and-drop tools, real-time chat, and other modern web, and have them work the same across browsers. Potential Disadvantage * Basic animation and media features. * Lack of good tooling to be productive in developing large sized HTML 5 applications. * Very limited support for media formats. * User may need to be connected to use an HTML 5 application. * Inconsistencies of HTML being implemented between web browsers (different parts of the standard are implemented).

Do Women Have More to Gain or Lose from Migration than Men do

Do Women Have More to Gain or Lose from Migration than Men do Globally, men and women are involved in the tussle of moving from one point to another to seek for well-paying jobs. All these processes involve challenges that the migrants must face. When these genders migrate to foreign countries, men get jobs in high commercial companies, educational institutions, and hospitals. On the other hand, women are absorbed in jobs like mail-order brides, household workers, caregivers, and sex workers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do Women Have More to Gain or Lose from Migration than Men do? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Obviously, the payment rates for these two categories of jobs are incomparable. In analyzing the employment fields that the two genders work after migrating to the foreign countries, it is evident that the men gain more than women do. Unfortunately, the society has grouped jobs in terms of masculine and feminine. Interestingly, these jobs are well paying as compar ed to the previous jobs that the women immigrants were doing in their native countries. Despite the fact that the feminine jobs are easy to find, they do not only have low pay packages but also have unfavorable working conditions. On the working conditions, the employees are not offered off duty programs, monetary motivation during overtimes, are physically abused, and have no access to labor unions. F or instance, house workers are prone to frequent abuses such as exploitation, forceful sexual advancements, unpaid wages, or salaries, and physical injuries. Conversely, the males enjoy varied services like job insurance, annual salary increments, hardship allowances, active labor unions, and job securities. From this point of view, the gains that women receive verses the loses they incur, reveal that women have more to lose from migration than their men colleagues do. In connection with the above point, traffickers do illegally take women out of their native countries with an intenti on of sexually abusing them. The persistent urge for sexual advancements among men makes sex workers remain in high demand. In this 21st century, there is the HIV/AIDS that is mostly transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse. This molesting behavior is not affecting the men immigrants. The repercussions of sexually transmitted infections are worse. Therefore, the women develop stress-related disorders like stigma, depression, and withdrawal. In addition, these traffickers can use the women in drug peddling, as they believe that such jobs are non-feminine, so the illegal trade would go on unnoticed. The infected women may lead a reckless life and can even spread the virus. In migration, women are the principal losers than the men. Moreover, in a continent like Asia, governments have formulated tough emigration policies for the women folk. In contrary, men can acquire their travelling documents at ease. In addition, most governments are releasing more visas to occupations tha t are masculine.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Worse still, these same governments prohibit immigrations based on family reunions. Evidently, these laws are discriminatory to the women folk; they need to be amended to inculcate the interests of all genders. The period when men viewed females as sub-genders, who cannot match the male counterparts should be long gone. When these happen, women are the ones left to take care of the children. Since men prefer to have fewer responsibilities, they can even decide not to send money back home. The mothers, being emotionally attached to their children, will never leave the kids. They will be the families’ sole providers. It beats logic that men can also decide not to come back to their native countries. This situation makes women miss the emotional companionship. Remarkably, these women will struggle physically and menta lly to ensure that they put food on the table. Again, they will undergo emotional struggles in order to maintain their marriages and families. From this viewpoint, obviously, women have less to gain from the overseas migration phenomenon. Women who secure jobs in the foreign countries realize upward movements in the socio-economic status. However, this is incomparable to men’s changes of status. It is worth to acknowledge the economic strength women acquire after migration. Once again, the women’s economic strengths cannot be compared to that of men. Unfortunately, such women may pose ‘financial threats’ to their husbands. Certainly, men always feel insecure if their wives are earning more than what they earn or if they are jobless, but the wives are employed. Such groups of men can withdraw from household responsibilities like paying utility bills. The women are left to multitask in order to support the family and even secure or protect their jobs. This s cenario traumatizes women. For example, they can come late from work and at the same time, they need to prepare some household routines. These cases are prevalent among families, in developing countries, which move to developed nations like U.S. to seek for employment. To some extent, some women do migrate to join their family members in the diaspora. These women mainly do this for social aspects than economic aspects. Economically, these women do not become productive in their new houses. Instead, they will concentrate on the household tasks and even secure low paying jobs in their neighborhood. Therefore, women have less to gain from the migration than men do.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do Women Have More to Gain or Lose from Migration than Men do? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

How to become a legal secretary

How to become a legal secretary Some fields come with perennial job openings, because basic human needs don’t change very much- healthcare and education come to mind. The legal world is like this as well. It’s an industry that will always be necessary. And if you don’t have or want a law degree, don’t worry! That’s not a barrier to breaking into the field (unless your goal is to be a practicing attorney). If you have stellar organizational skills and an interest in the law, you can break into the industry as a legal secretary. Let’s look at the basic building blocks of this career path.What’s the difference between paralegals and legal secretaries?In the legal world, there are a number of non-attorney legal professionals in supporting roles who work for law firms, legal clinics, and government agencies as part of the legal team. These roles are typically broken out into two types:Legal secretary/assistants: Legal secretaries may organize and file legal documents or c ase research, but their primary role is to support the lawyers administratively. This can include managing calendars, scheduling appointments, performing many of the same tasks as an administrative professional in virtually every other industry. There’s no specific degree typically required to become a legal secretary, but associate’s degrees are fairly common.Paralegals: Paralegals focus more on the legal aspects of the supporting role. The paralegal is more likely to work directly with clients, taking and giving information, managing depositions or other legal meetings, and conducting research. Paralegals typically hold a four-year degree in paralegal studies.What does a legal secretary do?Legal secretaries are responsible for managing an attorney’s day-to-day office life. That may include the following responsibilities:Maintaining attorney schedules, scheduling appointmentsDrafting correspondence and legal documents (such as briefs, subpoenas, or motions)Mana ging and ordering office suppliesAnswering phones and emailGreeting clientsFiling legal and administrative documentsCopying, scanning, and faxing legal documentsAssisting with research and reading legal journals or materialsReviewing and proofreading legal documentsLegal secretaries typically work full-time in an office setting, though the number of hours can vary depending on the needs of the firm or legal office.What skills do legal secretaries have?Legal secretaries need to have a very strong administrative skill set to succeed at their jobs. Legal skills and context can be learned, but without that basis of organization and management, a legal secretary would find him- or herself feeling very challenged by the day-to-day work.Organizational Skills:  Legal secretaries are largely responsible for keeping attorneys (and their work) organized. Being detail-oriented is a must, because even small slips or carelessness could have serious legal consequences.Discretion:  Legal inform ation is often privileged information, so the legal secretary needs to be someone who can be trusted with confidential info. Again, breaches of this trust can lead to legal consequences, so being able to keep work at work and being discreet about information learned in the course of the job are essential to the legal secretary’s job.Time Management:  Attorneys often have hectic schedules full of client appointments, court dates, and other important meetings. The legal world is also based very heavily on deadlines. If the legal secretary doesn’t have tight control over making sure things are happening on time, that can put projects or cases at risk.People Skills:  The legal secretary is often the initial go-between for attorneys, legal staff and their clients, making appointments and greeting clients who come in. A friendly, professional demeanor when dealing with guests or colleagues is essential. Legal issues can also be stressful for clients and legal staff alike , so a calm â€Å"bedside manner† can be a very helpful asset in this role.Technology Skills:  Being up-to-date on standard administrative tools like word processing, email clients, presentation software/apps, productivity apps, and digital filing systems is a must for legal secretaries. There will likely be paper-based filing for certain things (especially confidential information), but as the world becomes more digital in general, legal secretaries should be well-versed and adaptable when it comes to using technology in their everyday work.Communication Skills:  Clear, solid written and verbal communication skills are a cornerstone for legal assistants- especially for legal correspondence and documents. Details are important always, but in legal matters they can mean everything. Legal secretaries may also work on proofreading or editing legal documents for attorneys, so having a critical, knowledgeable eye for language and grammar is important.Teamwork:  Everyone who works on a case is part of the team- from the attorney to the secretary to the paralegals and research assistants. Everyone has a common goal of providing the best possible legal work and representation, so there’s little room for diva behavior. Legal secretaries should be adept at working with different kinds of people to make sure projects and cases are being worked on with maximum efficiency and minimum drama.What do you need to become a legal secretary?For many legal secretary jobs, there is no formal degree requirement, though many employers may prefer at least an associate’s degree in a legal studies field. There are also no specific licensing or certification requirements for the job, but there are a number of professional certification options for legal secretaries who want to take the extra step; the National Association for Legal Secretaries (NALS) and Legal Secretaries International both offer certificate programs.How much do legal secretaries get paid?Accor ding to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, legal secretaries make a median annual salary of $44,180, which is higher than the median annual salary for other types of secretaries and administrative assistants ($37,320).What’s the outlook for legal secretaries?For legal secretaries/assistants and paralegals, the number of job openings is expected to grow by 16% by 2026, which is not only much faster than average for all jobs, but also significantly faster than non-legal secretary jobs (which are expected to dip by about 5% over the same period).If you’re thinking about this exciting career path and have a passion for details, it could be your ideal path into the legal industry. Once you’ve gained experience as a legal secretary, you can use that as a stepping stone to becoming a paralegal, or maybe even decide to become an attorney yourself! Whatever your goals, it’s a solid administrative role that can bring satisfaction and job security.

Ming Dynasty Emperors of China

Ming Dynasty Emperors of China The Ming Dynasty is famous world-wide for its graceful blue-and-white glazed porcelains, and for the voyages of Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet. The Ming were also the only ethnically Han Chinese family to rule the empire between 1270 and the end of the imperial system in 1911. This list includes the Ming emperors given names and their reign-names, as well as their years in power. Â   Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor, 1368-1398Zhu Yunwen, the Jianwen Emperor, 1398-1402Zhu Di, the Yongle Emperor, 1402-1424Zhu Gaochi, the Hongxi Emperor, 1424-1425Zhu Zhangji, the Xuande Emperor, 1425-1435Zhu Qizhen, the Zhengtong Emperor, 1435-1449 and 1457-1464Zhu Qiyu, the Jingtai Emperor, 1449-1457Zhu Jianshen, the Chenghua Emperor, 1464-1487Zhu Youtang, the Hongzhi Emperor, 1487-1505Zhu Houzhao, the Zhengde Emperor, 1505-1521Zhu Houcong, the Jiajing Emperor, 1521-1566Zhu Zaihou, the Longqing Emperor, 1566-1572Zhu Yijun, Wanli Emperor, 1572-1620Zhu Changluo, the Taichang Emperor, 1620Zhu Youjiao, the Tianqi Emperor, 1620-1627Zhu Youjian, the Chongzhen Emperor, 1627-1644 Â   For more information, see the List of Chinese Dynasties.

Safety in Industrial Cities from fire Research Paper

Safety in Industrial Cities from fire - Research Paper Example It is a sad reality that most of the materials used in residential and building establishments are actually potential fuels of fire. In addition, in industrial cities, the number of flammable materials increases and this happens not by chance. An industrial city has substantial number of business establishments which market or produce combustible materials, volatile products and many more. These materials are significant sources of fuel. Without taking those into considerations would potentially result to damage in the days to come. This is the reason why everyone needs to be well informed with the nature of fire. It is not just enough to understand the nature of fire. What an individual needs to understand is that in the advent of fire, there can be many things to be learned that will potentially eliminate the same occurrence in the days to come. This is the reason why there is an ongoing trend and even spiraling number of scientific studies related to fire. These studies are essent ial to be learned. However, some of these studies are getting complicated. What an individual primarily needs to understand about fire are the basic things about it. Knowing the basics is a requirement because it is through it that potential discoveries or ideas will be able to be learned about. The proponent of this report was able to consider different studies about fire and even the basic concepts about its production. In line with this, the proponent was able to make use of the information from the web, books and reliable journals from highly reliable sources or experts. The proponent tries to simplify the discussion about fire and only the basics about it are reliably considered due to the fact that this report is for the benefit of those who have no or little background about safety engineering. Furthermore, in line with this, the proponent highly considers fire as an important incident in industrial cities that needs to be critically understood from a scientific point of view in a simplest way. Among of the most cited information about this study considers some practical understanding about fire from the point of view of incidents experienced from the past. In line with this, the proponent strongly believes that more literature review should be included in cases when there is need to understand further fire as a significant issue occurring in industrial cities. This report is presented to everyone as an important guide for fire fighting activity and control. ABSTRACT The U.S. Fire Administration (2011) reported that in residential buildings, the most common cause of fire is electrical malfunction which is around 43 percent and 37 percent for electrical arcing as heat source and these are among of the leading causes of attic fires. According to the U.S. Fire Administration this further results to an estimated 30 deaths, 125 injuries and $477 million worth of damage properties from 2006 to 2008. The above report is just one of the most common cases of fir e in the United States and around the world. It also shows the destructive capacity of fire. However, this report does not only focus on fire in residential setting particularly in industrial cities but this substantially includes other related cases. This report is about the usual incidents about fire. Fire is one of the most common incidents in the United States that brings forward substantial level of destruction in industrial cities. Fire is not just an ordinary incident but this requires the

Images of Los Angeles presented in What We Do Is Secret Essay

Images of Los Angeles presented in What We Do Is Secret - Essay Example The scenarios and images describe surroundings and the state of life in Los Angeles. With that respect, this paper will base arguments and comparison of images of Los Angeles in the film ‘what we do is secret’. To begin with, the writer of the film what we do is secret Michelle Baer chooses words as infamous and legendary to describe Darby but rationally the words reflect on the image of the city of Los Angeles in the 1970’s. This shows that, even though the city of Los Angeles was infamous, it was also a legendary city. In the film, Darby and the rest of the Germ rock band crew present issues related to naivety, peculiarity, feebleness, as well as brilliance. These characteristics ultimately depict presence of real and true misfit of the city of Los Angeles. To some extent, the city appears to have some degree of negligence as showcased by the wretched life of young adults (Samudio and Lee 57). This is because, the Germs are cognitively high school dropouts, bad behaved, and careless drug users. Secondly, the images in the film are photographic tribute paid to the city of Los Angeles. It provides a fascinating journey through the cultural, sociological, political, and the industrial history of the city of Los Angeles. ... Additionally, this book gives a stern representation of the city of Los Angeles in all its grits and glory via events that made the world such as the two Olympics, the Rodney King riots, and the assassination of Bobby Kennedy. All these events reveal that Los Angeles is a city of many dimensions. Moreover, the film describes the city of Los Angeles as the world’s entertainment capital, Hollywood, and showcases a variety of celebrities along with a number of notable residents that include architects, musicians, and artists. The film highlights in-depth condition of pop cultural movements of Los Angeles together with the state of music (Banham 168). The Germ bandleader, Darby knows not his biological father. On the other end, his mother is an alcoholic and his elder brother dies from heroin overdose. His school life portrays him as an avid reader who against all odds comprehensively develops into a frighteningly intelligent student. Presumably, the overall life feature of Darby displays and compares the state of art and the status of education system within the city of Los Angeles. The book ‘what we do is secret’ depicts the city of Los Angeles through contrasting points of view. For instance, it covers the city’s state of social life in conjunction with its status of its pop cultural movements. These conditions display contradicting issues since the book stretches its length to show presence of the city’s state of music, state of food fads, gangs, surfing, and hot rods. In short, it portrays the condition of food, which is healthy, state of music however associated with behaviors that lead to drug abuse, as well as the city’s

Questions about Marketing Concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Questions about Marketing Concepts - Assignment Example Marketing basically links all the functional departments of an organization to the customer's needs and wants. The idea behind marketing is that the customer is of prime importance and that the most significant task in any organization is first to identify the needs of the customer and then to ensure that all operations are geared toward meeting them efficiently and effectively. Marketing function concerns itself not only with customers but with competitors and suppliers as well. Thus marketing is not just a function but a management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably and responsibly with due regard for the environment and social foundation. A website is a crucial component of the company's to attract current and potential customers. It represents the company globally. A web site is a virtual front-line and direct link to suppliers, distributors, and potential and present customers. It is essential that a website conveys the company's objectives and goals immediately when a browser enters the site. The seven key design elements to achieve an effective web interface are Context, Content, Community, Customisation, Communication, Connection, and Commerce. (Rayporter & Jaworski, 2001) The context refers to layout or design of the website, created by...It is what makes the website easy to find and access and the website simple to use. Content is the text, pictures, sound, video, graphics, downloads, chat rooms, bulletin boards, service, products and information etc that the website contains.The community is described as the ways how the site enables user-to-user communication. E.g. blog, chat rooms etc. It allows users to know the opinions of other users to interact with each other and encourages them to make purchases or visit the site again. Customization refers to the ability of the site to allow different users to personalize their own profiles by means of content and context selection and other personalization tools.

EMPLOYERS DO NOT ADOPT HR POLICIES IN AN INTEGRATED AND PLANNED WAY, Essay

EMPLOYERS DO NOT ADOPT HR POLICIES IN AN INTEGRATED AND PLANNED WAY, AND THEREFORE LOSE OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE - Essay Example There has been a change of approach in the way that labour is reviews in the organisation and the modern perception emphasize on viewing labour as an investment and not as a commodity or resources. In this regard, labours has stared to be seen as a made of creative and innovative social being who are able to give the organisation a competitive edge. (Michael 2006, p. 42) The term human resource has been changing to broader management and the concept of human capital has been applied more often in place of human resource. Therefore the modern perception of human labour has been changing the way organisation have been handling their human capital to a more liberalized way. It has been realised that having a competitive workforce can be an important way which can ensure that an organization creates a competitive edge that other organisation may find difficult to replicate. Therefore the focus of modern human resource management has been looking at the ways in which the workforce can be motivated in order to have a more competent and motivated workforce. This has been shown to translate to a more productive workforce who increases the productivity of the organisation. This is because intellectual capital has been shown to be more important that financial capital that an organisation invests in its operation. The modern focus of human resource management

Japan and American politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Japan and American politics - Essay Example Their motto being â€Å"Japanese spirit, Western things†. This is easily discernable by their deep involvement in the modern economic growth of their own country as well as the East Asia, yet their refusal to give up their own culture and sense of identity. This is not limited to the clothes they wear, or the language they speak, but can also be discernable by the customary practices of the Japanese in their offices as well as their clinging to local traditions that help maintain harmony in their lives. There is no denying that this form of modernization has been successful in maintaining balance and harmony in the lives of the Japanese, both at home and at work in corporations. They have successfully brought together their own culture with the economic policies of the West. However, sometimes the â€Å"Japanese spirit, Western things† slogan has been given another meaning by the anti-liberal Japanese, who want to amalgamate Western technology in such a way into the Japanese system that it would protect them from political competition and protect their interests alone. Hence, the slogan is used to protect economic and political threat to their powers, which they refuse to share or give up. This causes a lot of problems for the Japanese economy, as it results in bad businesses carrying on with little or no respite for the investors, and the bad or weak corporations continuing their business with little or no accountability, and often by a monopoly. Albeit, this slogan has helped maintain Japanese identity and has enabled them to have their own place, culturally and economically in the world, however, it has resulted in many a losses, which include the losses resulting from their refusal to allow competition and private enterprising in many domestic sectors, as Japanese culture is hostile towards competition in the economic life. Moreover, the Japanese back bad banks, and refuse to close down even those

EMPLOYERS DO NOT ADOPT HR POLICIES IN AN INTEGRATED AND PLANNED WAY, Essay

EMPLOYERS DO NOT ADOPT HR POLICIES IN AN INTEGRATED AND PLANNED WAY, AND THEREFORE LOSE OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE - Essay Example There has been a change of approach in the way that labour is reviews in the organisation and the modern perception emphasize on viewing labour as an investment and not as a commodity or resources. In this regard, labours has stared to be seen as a made of creative and innovative social being who are able to give the organisation a competitive edge. (Michael 2006, p. 42) The term human resource has been changing to broader management and the concept of human capital has been applied more often in place of human resource. Therefore the modern perception of human labour has been changing the way organisation have been handling their human capital to a more liberalized way. It has been realised that having a competitive workforce can be an important way which can ensure that an organization creates a competitive edge that other organisation may find difficult to replicate. Therefore the focus of modern human resource management has been looking at the ways in which the workforce can be motivated in order to have a more competent and motivated workforce. This has been shown to translate to a more productive workforce who increases the productivity of the organisation. This is because intellectual capital has been shown to be more important that financial capital that an organisation invests in its operation. The modern focus of human resource management

Ethical theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical theories - Research Paper Example There is a way of classifying ethical theories. It begins by evaluating a given theory based on how it connects the right conduct with the right character. Some theories evaluate that the consequences of a given conduct is due to its right conduct. However, the theories focus less on moral character. Such theories are classified as teleological. Theories that focus more on the moral character are classified as deontological. Another way is evaluating the theories based on its consequences if they exist. There are theories with more emphasis on the consequences. They are classified as consequentialist. Those that do not concentrate on the consequences are classified as non consequentialist. The other way is determining how many principles that guide each theory’s view concerning morality of actions. Some theories only rely on a single rule to determine the morality of an action. Such theories are classified as monistic. The theories that rely on multiple rules are classified as pluralistic, for example, the moral life of a nun. A nun’s moral life does not match with a mother’s moral life; however, there is no measure to determine which is preferable. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism. It deals with more with consequences of these theories. According to studies, the utilitarianism is easy to apply. Furthermore, it has specifications for what is wrong or right. It has clear-cut choices between actions. However, utilitarianism has its own disadvantages. The theory often depends on predicting the results of actions. It is not easy to know the consequences of certain actions. Researchers argue that the calculations used to determine the right actions in this theory are time consuming and very complicated. Furthermore, the theory does not identify any individual rights violated for the sake of the great good. Due to the above disadvantages, some scholars proposed a modification to the theory. The modification will demand the behavior to be

Circuit Lab Report Essay Example for Free

Circuit Lab Report Essay Ohm’s Law is V = I * R or in some cases I = V / R. The next two laws were established by a German physicist by the name of Gustav Kirchhoff. Kirchhoff’s first law is his voltage law. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that around any loop in a circuit, the voltage rises must equal the voltage drops. The next law that Kirchhoff introduced was his current law. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the total current entering a junction must equal the total current leaving the junction. These laws, however, cannot be proven or tested without the aid of a multimeter. A multimeter is an instrument designed to measure electric current, voltage, and usually resistance, typically over several ranges of value. The multimeter has different programs to measure voltage, current, resistance, etc. produced from one of two types of circuits. The first type of circuit is a series circuit. A series circuit is a circuit in which the components are arranged end to end in such a way that the electric current flows through the first component, through the next component, and so on, until it reaches the source again. In contrast, a parallel circuit is a circuit in which the has more than one resistor and has multiple paths to move along. The main purpose of this lab was to prove the laws of Ohm and Kirchhoff. On another note, being able to take part in this lab taught my partner and I the fundamental skills of constructing series and parallel circuit and using a multimeter to calculate the current and voltage of a circuit. I believe that if we only have the basic materials to conduct electricity (such as resistors, alligator clip, cords, a multimeter, and a power source), then we can still prove the that the laws that Ohm and Kirchhoff established are in fact reliable sources for calculating data regarding certain electrical circuits. I’ve reached this hypothesis because Ohm’s laws and Kirchhoff’s two laws are supposed to be laws used for any electrical circuits. Based on this, these three laws should be able to be validated with this experiment. Materials Power Source Alligator Clips 1,000 Ohms Resistor 10,000 Ohms Resistor Multimeter Methods Ohm’s Law 1. Assemble circuit as seen in figure 1 and set the multimeter to current 2. install series in the circuit and set the power supply to 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5 3. record number on multimeter and compare to the calculated current using Ohm’s law Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 1. assemble circuit as seen in figure 2 and set multimeter to volts 2. install in parallel over both resistors and set the power supply to 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5 3. record number on multimeter and see if the total voltage dropped equals voltage added Kirchhoff’s Current Law 1. Assemble circuit as seen in figure 3 and set multimeter back to current 2. install at all three points at both junctions 3. see if the current entering the junction is equal to the current leaving the junctions Discussion Our lab in general, went fairly well. We took our time and did not rush through this lab, so we could get the best results, but we did have some trouble with our Multimeter on more than one occasion. For example, while we were attempting to prove Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. The Multimeter, at first was acting up and completely just not working, but we then realized that it was not set on the correct measuring task. Then, on the same two labs, we were getting readings from the Multimeter that made no sense. It told us that the current for the circuit was 967.83 Ohms which for the type of circuit that we built, was impossible. After fixing the problem with the Multimeter and proving Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, we moved onto the Current Law that Kirchhoff established. This time, the problem wasn’t the Multimeter, or the resistors, or the power supply, or anything else. It was us. We were overall a bit confused on how the circuit was created and it took a long time to eventually construct and then prove. Even though the problems were an annoyance, the lab was very insightful and taught us a lot about electric currents and circuits. Conclusion At the conclusion of this experiment, our results supported our hypothesis greatly even though our numbers were not a hundred percent on point. But there is room for error, like the fact that the power supply was not great quality and doesn’t give exactly 3 volts or 4.5 volts or any of that. Also, the resistors are not high-quality resistors and are also worn down from years of use, so they don’t give exactly 1,000 / 10,000 Ohms like we were looking for. Other sources of error included the Multimeter, which was not exact because the Multimeter rounds numbers, the Alligator clips, which are (like the power supply and resistors) not the best and shed energy, and our calculations, which could have suffered from any addition or multiplication or division error.

Risk of Lung Cancer Among Chromium Workers

Risk of Lung Cancer Among Chromium Workers 2. Literature Review: For the pursuance of our study, we conducted an extensive literature review in order to gather related information so that it may be helpful for us to understand the various aspects of this subject. Moreover, this was done in hopes that it would provide us the evidences about the views and findings of other scientists who are divulging assiduously in this field of research as well. 2.1. Human Health and Trace Elements: It has been reported in various studies that metals and their compounds have enormous impact on health of an organism. Since they are ubiquitously present in our environment, exposure to these elements is tenacious and it cannot be precluded. All metals are not carcinogenic and their concentration, oxidation state, synergistic effect, and the response of organisms’s body to its environment contribute greatly to the etiology of cancer. The combination of any of these two factors put the organism in danger in a way that it builds oxidative stress, creates hormonal imbalance, changes the order of chemical reaction, controls the rate of metabolism, alters the oxidation reduction process, and influences the biochemistry of metabolites etc. For instance, there are some chemicals already present in the environment that can act as an either impersonator of hormones or growth factors, or affect the rate of chemical reactions exhibited by these hormones. These actions of environmental c hemicals may be responsible for disrupting the chemical process and could affect the delicate balance that controls cell division. For example, some breast tumors depend on estrogen for their development and growth, and chemicals that impersonate the effect of estrogen may engage in supporting the growth of estrogen-dependent breast tumors (111). In a study, it has been pointed out that there is an association between chromium and carcinogens; a high incidence of lung cancer has been demonstrated as an occupational disease among workers engaged in the chromate production process in Germany and the United States. The risk of lung cancer among chromium workers compared to an ordinary population is very high. The lung cancer prevalence rate 100,000 versus 578, and the relative risk from the standpoint of lung cancer deaths has reached from 3.6 to 29.1. Histopathologically, the most common chromium related lung cancer is squamous cell carcinoma and small cell cancer (112). 2.1.1. Trace Metals Implicate Malignancy: It has been recorded that nearly one in two men and more than one in three women in the United States is diagnosed with cancer at some point in his or her lifetime. Cancer is the foremost cause of death for individuals under age 85 as reported by statistical data reports in America. It is evident that the exposure to these metals remains the single most significant preventable cause of cancer. The development of cancer depends on combination of various factors including diet, genetics and the way an organism is exposed to a particular carcinogen. However, the type of cancer is reliant on the kind of toxicant in the environment. For instance metals such as arsenic, chromium, and motor vehicle exhaust and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are associated with bladder, lung and skin cancer. On the other hand, pesticide exposure enhances the risk of brain tumor, Wilms tumor, leukemia, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (113). Furthermore, it has also been reported that there are various trace elements such as zinc, molybdenum, silicon, chromium, selenium, vanadium, and copper that behave as instigators or the inhibitor agents of cancer. Nevertheless, it may be possible to draw inferences on the basis of their concentration levels in the body of organism as diagnostic or prognostic abets for cancer patients (114). Moreover, it could be plausible that the ratio of trace elements t hat exists in the blood of healthy human beings gets disturbed due to the onset of the disease, or by the exposure to toxicants, can create an atmosphere that could be favorable for implicating the malignancy. 2.2. Susceptibility of Cancer Contingent to Gender and Age: The most important and inevitable determining factor for susceptibility to cancer is age. However, there is little evidence that the aging process per se increases susceptibility to cancer. To a certain extent, age provides the time essential for the accumulation of cellular events required for the development of neoplasia (115). For example, in a study it was discussed that the GSTT1 genotype, and perhaps also the GSTM1 genotype for which a similar, but non-significant effect was seen, might be the age influencing the onset of colorectal cancer (116). In a study, cancer and mortality rates among a variety of cancer [patients] was investigated. In addition, the impact of particular age on the rate of occurrence of cancer was investigated. However, it was assumed that the cancer contributing factors would remain consistent over the definite period of time. It was observed that certain types of cancers, including lung cancer, had an equivalent rate of occurrence for both genders. Moreover, various types of cancer including, prostate cancer for men and breast cancer for women, present a reasonable association with the original hypothesis (117). A study was conducted at Harvard University and it was found that cancer is not inexorable at advanced age, but rather reaches a maximum cumulative probability of affliction with any cancer of about 70% for men and 53% for women in the US, and much smaller values for individual cancers (118). Age and gender also impart differences in susceptibility, whereas immune suppression or inadequate nutrition may also increase susceptibility of cancer (119). 2.3. Chromium as an Etiological Agent for Cancer: There is a large body of literature on the role of trace elements in the development of cancer that has been reviewed. Generally it is focused on the chromium exposure in relation to the risk of cancer. Over the past few decades, a number of researchers have attempted to estimate the proportion of cancer cases or deaths due to environmental and occupational exposures to chromium. Despite their well intentioned efforts, the net conclusion was that the cancers embark through a complicated interconnection of multiple causes. On the other hand, scientific research has also been explicated that avertable environmental and occupational exposures are fueling excess cancer cases and deaths (120-122). Cancer, in general, results from interactions between environmental exposures and genetics. Genetic factors alone may account for not more than 5% of cancers (123). Despite the fact that genetics alone does not account for most cancers, cancer is essentially a genetic disease, in terms that envi ronmental agents or viruses can alter the genes regulating cell division. Several studies of the chrome-plating industry have demonstrated a positive relationship between cancer and exposure to chromium compounds (124). Evidence has been presented demonstrating the mutagenic capacity of a number of hexavalent chromium compounds in vitro and in vivo (125). Chromium (III) is recognized as a trace element that is essential to both humans and animals. Occupational exposure to chromium (VI)-containing compounds is known to induce lung toxicity and increases the incidence of respiratory-system cancers (126-127). The National Toxicology Program has published a list of harmful toxicants, and carcinogens (128). The numerous listed chemicals are actually of chemical mixtures such as tobacco smoke and alcoholic beverages. Others include metals such as arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, and thorium known as carcinogens, and beryllium, lead, and nickel, as probable carcinogens. However, it appears that some physiologic mechanisms by which the effects of pro-oxidant metals and organic toxicants are mutually abrogated at the molecular level. Our understanding of the metal–organic toxicant interactions has signià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cantly advanced because of the recent elucidation of several intracellular stress–response signaling pathways and the points of cross-talk among them (129). By the 1980s, considerable evidence had accumulated on cancer risks of chromium-exposed workers, which led to the identification of chromium (VI) compounds as a human carcinogen (130). The strongest evidence presented at that time was mainly

Latin America Resources Essay -- essays research papers

I. 1.Miguel Angel Asturias- A Nobel Prize wining novelist and poet from Guatemala. Wrote about his experience under a dictatorship. Established small-town life and a clash of cultures as themes 2.Frida Kahlo- Started painting in 1925 when she was hospitalized. Married Diego Rivera. Was inspired by retablos, religious paintings. Was a champion of Mexican culture. 3.John F. Kennedy – Kennedy encouraged Latin American countries to undertake reforms to raise the standard of living for their people with the Alliance for Progress in 1961. 4.Luis Munoz Marin – Became Puerto Rico’s first elected governor in the 1950s. He supported a program to encourage tourism and develop industry on the island. 5.Gabriel Garcia Marquez- Nobel Prize winning author in Columbia. Wrote in a Style called magical realism. Most popular novel was One Hundred years of Solitude. 6.James Munroe – Issued the Munroe Doctrine in 1823 which disallowed colonization in the Americas 7.Pablo Neruda - Chile’s Nobel Prize winning poet who criticized the United States for using its power and wealth to carve up Panama. 8.Manuel Noriega – Panama’s president who was charged by the United States with drug trafficking in 1988. 9.Franklin D. Roosevelt – Announced the Good Neighbor Policy in 1933, which declared that â€Å"no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another state.† 10.Theodore Roosevelt – President that offered Columbia $10 million for a strip of land in Panama to build a canal. Roosevelt encouraged rebels in Panama to rebel when Columbia rejected the offer. In 1903 when the Panama people received their independence, they granted US the 10 mile wide â€Å"canal zone.† II. 1. Under the Platt Amendment, the United States claimed the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. 2. The United States gained Puerto Rico and Philippines from Spain. 3. Financial interests led the United States to intervene in Latin America. In the early 1900s, the Dominican Republic was unable to pay its debts to American banks. American forces also occupied Nicaragua and Haiti ,and intervened in the affairs of Honduras 6 times. In each case, they stepped in to protect American lives and property or to support a government that favored American interests. 4. The United States wanted to create a solid anti-communist bloc in the Americas. The United States’ primary concern was the communist country of ... ...lopment and democracy. The OAS includes the United States, which has tended to dominated the organization. 11.retablos – religious paintings offered as thanks for escape from misfortune. 12.Sendero Luminoso – (Shining Path) Extreme left wing group that resorted to torture and murder in their on-going struggle to control the country of Peru. 13.Spanish-American War – As the United States industrialized, it extended its influence in the Caribbean and Central America. During the 1890s, Cuban patriots were battling for independence from Spain. In 1898, the United States declared war on Spain and joined the fighting. It promised that once peace was achieved it would â€Å"leave the government and control of Cuba to its people.† The Spanish American War ended in victory for the United States. Cuba did gain its independence, but the United States forced Cuba to include the Platt Amendment as part of its new constitution. Under the Platt Amendment the United States claimed the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. As a result the United States gained Puerto Rico and Philippines from Spain. 14.ultraismo – The belief that art should exist for its own sake, not for any social or political reasons.

Decision-Making Models Essay -- Decision-Making Model Analysis

Decision-Making Models General assumptions create the foundation of a person's reasoning. Imperfections with a supposition can create the opportunity for a skewed perspective in a person's reasoning process (Paul & Elder, 2002). The process of choosing one course of action over another is commonly known as decision making. Consciously or unconsciously, people make decisions on a daily basis founded on one or more of the various decision-making models (Sullivan, n.d.). This paper examines how I apply various decision-making models in the workplace to generate accurate workload estimations in my career. The Qualitative Choice Theory also known as analogous reasoning uses past experience to help an individual make decisions. A resolution is derived by looking at what has occurred historically and basing the decision on the expected outcome (Arsham, 1994). The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) methodology is a decision-making model that uses a mathematical formula established on realistic, pessimistic, and optimistic estimates to provide an accurate estimate of the most likely amount of time to complete a project (â€Å"Critical path analysis & pert charts,† n.d.). Building on the analogous methodology, the parametric decision-making model looks at one small piece of a project, estimates the amount of time required to complete the particular section of the project, and multiplies the smaller piece times the number of total pieces (International Society of Parametric Analysts, 1999). The Monte Carlo simulation is a technique that makes use of computer models to aid in making decisions in intricate circumstances (Grambow, n.d.). My duties at work often require that I provide estimations for the level of effort required for projects I am working on and I employ all three of the aforementioned decision-making methodologies. More often than not, I rely on the analogous model drawing on my experience as a subject matter expert to create time estimates for small projects. Drawing on more than 5 years of programming experience, I am able create realistic estimates of the level of effort required to complete a small project. I use this methodology when asked to estimate simple text changes to the user interface for Web pages I maintain. For example, a client has just requested a change to the welcome page of his Web site and has committed to provide text... ...Retrieved June 20, 2005, from The University of Baltimore Web site: http://home.ubalt.edu/ ntsbarsh/opre640/partXIII.htm Bassham, G., Irwin, W., Nardone, H., & Wallace, J.M. (2002). Critical thinking [Electronic Version]. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Critical path analysis & pert charts. (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2005, from http://www.work911.com/cgi-bin/links/jump.cgi?ID=4532 International Society of Parametric Analysts. (1999). Parametric estimating initiative (pei) parametric estimating handbook: Company developed models (chap. 4). Retrieved June 20, 2005, from http://www.ispa-cost.org/PEIWeb/ch4.htm Grambo, M. (n.d.). Monte carlo analysis. Retrieved June 22, 2005, from The University of Scranton Web site: http://academic.uofs.edu/ faculty/gramborw/tumonte.htm Paul, R. & Elder, L. (2002). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your professional and personal life [Electronic Version]. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Sullivan, M. (n.d.). Problem solving, decision making and critical thinking. Retrieved June 20, 2005, from Villanova University Web site: http://www52.homepage.villanova.edu/maureen.sullivan/ coursematerial/L&M_Notes/ProblemSolving.htm

Argumentative Essay Essay

Analysis of â€Å"We should cherish our children’s freedom to think† â€Å"We Should Cherish Our Children’s Freedom to Think† is written by Kie Ho and expresses his belief of the education in the US. Throughout the article he argues that the American school system â€Å"is not perfect, but it is a great deal better than any other† (Ho, 2007, p. 114). His arguments are reflected through his thoughts and experiences but are weakened by vague evidence. Ho (2007) states that since public school has provided children with opportunities and direction to fulfill their creativity, the US has developed into a country of innovation. He strongly supports this claim with his own experience and idea. On a (2007)â€Å"excursion to the Laguna Beach Museum of Art, where the work of schoolchildren was on exhibit† (p. 113) Ho got the idea that supports his argument. (2007) When public schools give students opportunities to participate in creative activities, the general public assumes that this freedom to choose is universal. This is not true according to Ho’s different personal sources. (2007) A Polish refugee, a German friend and a Lebanese believe that the American education system is far behind their home countries. Ho’s evidence for his first argument favors his reasoning, but is vague on documenting sources. This weakens his argument a lot and results in less persuasive evidence. He assumes that the idea of people who thinking freedom to choose is a norm without any supporting evidence and that the information from his friends is trustworthy knowledge. Furthermore, Ho (2007) makes a comparison between the imagination of his childhood in Indonesia and his son at school in the US. Ho explains that, (2007)â€Å"When I was 12 in Indonesia, where education followed the Dutch system, I had to memorize the names of all the world’s major cities† (p. 13). While (2007) his son at the same age grew up in California had not much knowledge about world’s major cities but had a better imagination because he took creative geography at the age of 6. Both these examples are good strong arguments and support his belief that the American school system has given children a better imagination by introducing creative thinking in class. But then again his personal sources are weak evidence towards making a conclusion that (2007) imagination helps children to learn because it can help them to visualize what they are learning. This idea is also drawn from his son’s life, but is not supported by any other evidence than what he believes. Additionally he feels like the education system took away an important factor in his learning; the ability to â€Å"experiment freely with ideas† (Ho, 2007, p. 113) and gain confidence. (2007) When looking at the quality of the school one does not include the factor of freedom but only how knowledgeable a student is. Consequently this takes him to the counter part of his story were his son was awarded for using his imagination in an essay at school. The evidence strengthens Ho’s argument of that the school system gives a student freedom to choose and gain more confidence when awarded for trying new ways. When looking at the quality of his sources the argumentative appeal weakens a lot. He draws a conclusion from his own experience and assumes that â€Å"disgruntled American parents forget†¦[that] their children are able to experiment freely with ideas† (Ho, 2007, p. 113). If he would have had a supporting source to this claim, rather than only his own experience the argument would stand much stronger. Ho’s next evidence is based on his statement where he admits (2007)â€Å"that American education does not meet high standards† (p. 113) but only because of how the system is now. If one would make American education meet high standards, students wouldn’t be able to function in the way they do now. This is the weakest point of Ho’s argumentative appeal. The argument in some sort misleading because he is later claiming that â€Å"Our public education certainly is not perfect, but it is a great deal better than any other† (Ho, 2007, p. 114). When combining these two ideas he’s saying that (2007) a school system that does not meet high standards in basic courses is basically still a great deal better than any other because of the creativity and confidence it gives students. Ho wants to keep the school system how it is now and not put any more stress on the students with providing them with a higher quality education. Here again Ho doesn’t cite any of his sources. How can he know that providing students with a higher quality education will make them not function the way they do now. It is no doubt that the American school system is bad, but there is no proof that making it better would â€Å"retard their impulses, [and] frustrate their opportunities for self-expression† (Ho, 2007, p. 113). Overall the argumentative appeal in this argument is weak because of the lack of sources and misleading evidence but leads you in some way towards his overall belief. Finally, Ho argues that (2007) critics of American education do not understand the real purpose of the education. In all studies that are done on education the only measurement that has been left out is freedom. He explains that it’s omitted because people have never had freedom in education and therefor never seen the positive effects. To clarify this he applies this to that the importance of freedom in education â€Å"extends even to children the license to freely speak, write and be creative† (Ho, 2007, p. 114). Here Ho relates the first amendment into to right to freely speak or write. This makes a lot stronger evidence for his argument. But on the other side he still doesn’t cite any of his sources and in particular the last sentence were he writes â€Å"Our public education certainly is not perfect, but is a great deal better than any other† (Ho, 2007, p. 114). These words are very strong and almost make it look like he exaggerates to make his cause clearer. Ho is right in some way of his saying but from the general public viewpoint he is wrong. If Ho look at school as an institution that is supposed to teach students to experiment with ideas and fulfill their creativity he is absolutely right. However this is not the real purpose of school. School is an institution made for students to gain knowledge and not mental skills. Ho has several good arguments for his cause but I think his arguments are not strong enough. The starting argument I would say connects to the topic well, but is not very strong. The reason the US is a country of innovation is not only because of the school system, there is other more important factors that made this happened. Later he draws a conclusion about that children need the American school system the way it is to function. This is a little less good of an argument, he doesn’t cite the evidence anywhere and here a chance he made this up by himself. Continuing on, he claims that increasing the quality of the school will retard student’s impulses. This claim is also vague. There is no evidence of this happening, and he doesn’t say that it has even been tried. At last he finishes of saying that American education is good enough the way it is now. I would say I disagree with him at this point. American education does provide a lot of freedom in education, but this generates a lot lower level of knowledge and therefor goes against what education really is about, to learn as much as possible and get a broader perspective of the world.

All Quiet on the Western Front Essay Essay

A soldier must have the mentality of, â€Å"I must kill or I’ll be killed† or they will surely perish. Taking this idea to heart can be a very moralistic test that most people can’t handle. All Quiet on the Western Front is one of the greatest war novels ever written because of its exposing graphic depiction of war. In the short note before Chapter One, Remarque lets the reader know exactly what themes he intends. War is savage, unjustified and unnatural. He intends to explain why the war was responsible for the destruction of an entire generation. Remarque is very clear on the strength of his themes, and uses graphic imagery to show the reader the physical and psychological impact that war has on a person. War brings about hardship, pain and suffering to all involved. It is the battle of two sides made of young men; many of them do not understand what they are fighting for or who they are fighting. Remarque’s novel All Quiet on the Western Front helps portray the image of war and idea of warfare in a pretty gruesome way. He also made his point through the physical deterioration, but mostly through mental and emotional destruction of Paul Baumer and his comrades. In the novel, Remarque does a flawless job conveying the horrible misfortunes of war. Through the eyes of Paul Baumer, a story is told of hopelessness and desperation on the German front lines of WWI. As Baumer and his comrades experience starvation and injury among other hardships, the reader begins to comprehend how tragic war is. They experienced things that can and will traumatize most human beings. â€Å"It’s unendurable. It is the moaning of the world, it is the martyred creation, wild with anguish, filled with terror, and groaning. Ch. 4, p. 62. This scene was the most graphic and horrendous part of the book. It really exemplified the tragedy of war. Detering was very disturbed by this because he’s a farmer. He believed that the horses have innocent souls and that they’re beautiful and should never have been involved. Detering has a special place for animals in his heart so much so that he’d risk his life to find them and put them out of their misery. Remarque knew that war changes people mentally and emotionally, more often than physically. It is very possible that he himself was damaged mentally and emotionally through his service in WWI. â€Å"We have lost all feeling for one another. We can hardly control ourselves when our hunted glance lights on the form of some other man. We are insensible, dead men, who through some trick, some dreadful magic, are still able to run and to kill. † Ch. 6, p. 115. This quote embodies the thesis that Remarque was portraying in this novel. It explains how the soldiers notice their mental and emotional corrosion caused by the horrific things they have witnessed and committed during the war. They can’t really understand why they are still able to fight, but they know that they can’t stop under any circumstances. Soldiers are forced to adopt the dominating mindset of â€Å"kill or be killed. † Remarque realized that when this embracement happens it’s just a matter of time before they become â€Å"dead men. † During WW1 men between the ages of 18 and 30 had to enter the military draft. This meant that post teens would be fighting for their country and risking their lives, while all they knew was school and the safety of their own homes. The protagonist in Paul Baumer was only 19 years old in the novel and he frequently thought about girls and liked to drink a lot. In many ways, Paul is ordinary, and that’s why it’s so easy to relate to him. We see ourselves in Paul, and because of that, the war he suffers through seems all more horrible to us. This age group during WW1 was a damaged and broken generation. They fought for the principle of hatred and the dream of going back home to their families. â€Å"We are none of us more than twenty years old. But young? That is long ago. We are old folk. Ch. 1 Pg. 18 The war has altered these boys; it has turned them into matured old men. Remarque was just solidifying the idea of the bad effects that war can have on a person. These boys are just out of school and most of them have probably experienced some sort of traumatic stress, which can permanently damage someone beyond repair. War affects everyone and everything it gets its hands on. It turns innocent boys i nto murderous men right before your eyes. It obliterates generations and makes millions suffer through the benefit of no one. Erich Remarque was a German war veteran and experienced firsthand the atrocity that warfare can bring. All Quite on the Western Front symbolizes war exactly. It portrays the horribleness of war through the German soldiers; Baumer and his companions. Remarque has them killed, brutally injured and mentally destroyed, all to prove how terrible war can truly be. Through this novel we can truly go back and see the experiences of WW1 soldiers and how the war changed them in every way possible, as a result All Quite on the Western Front is considered one of the best war novels ever written.

Classic Airlines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Classic Airlines - Case Study Example These decreases have been accompanied by rising operational costs that have forced the company to find ways to cut costs by 15 percent over the next 18 months. These cost cutting measures are necessary in order for them to remain financially sound. While cutting costs the company must also find a way to attract new customers, produce a higher level of satisfaction for their current flyers, as well as bring their once loyal customers back as frequent flyers with their airline. In the wake of financial crisis any marketing efforts cannot involve airfare price reductions; therefore the company is challenged with finding ways to improve the perceived value of flying with them. The organization's focus must be centered on the needs and wants of their consumer while being conscious of costs. While there are many issues facing Classic Airlines, the most relevant to this analysis are contained in the communication threads of emails and meeting excerpts. Of these, there were three primary indicators or events that prompted the issues listed in Table 1. First, the relational dynamic among the members of the management team is unhealthy. The fact that the individuals do not necessarily agree on the processes that will best contribute to the overall success of Classic Airlines is not the issue. The problem lies in the way management is polarizing into an "us vs. them" mentality. As can be seen from the informal meetings and emails, the CEO and CFO have a general lack of respect for the value of marketing to enhance shareholder value, and view it as a necessary expense of operations. Further, the CEO's reference to "Boyle and friends" suggests a suspiciousness of motive. The CFO's personal comments about Mr. Boyle demonstrate an outright hostility. Management of a company that is having profitability issues must resist the tendency to polarize. In fact, the CEO and CFO are presenting a classical example of "push down" responsibility, where "because they are often unfamiliar with entangling details, top management tends to expect succe ssful results without complications." (Pulhamus, 1991, 86) The marketing team, in a similar fashion, is closing ranks and taking an adversarial view of the CEO and CFO. This dynamic must be adjusted to bring balance and respect in the communication of conflicting ideas. Secondly, the CEO and CFO are focused on a singular model to attain profitability, i.e., cost leadership in the market and operational efficiencies. While cost management is a valid tool, it is not exclusive. The CEO views marketing primarily as an operational expense and not a component of the business model that will add value to the company. The CFO is so focused on the fuel hedging tactic that she has taken a defensive position around it to protect it from encroachment; this territorial view of a single method precludes the introduction of new, and more effective, methods of containing costs and increasing profitability. Finally, the CEO has specifically stated that the company does not need an alliance. Even a cursory glance at industry

Ghana Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ghana - Assignment Example The Ghanaian economy is highly dependent on external trade. According to the BBC World news source, the gross domestic product (GDP) of Ghana in 1990s was estimated at 7 billion US $ ($ 430 per capita); that in CÃ ´te d Ivoire is $ 1500, in Togo - 900, in Burkina Faso - $ 700. If comparing with the present period, from that time the GDP has rised to 48 billion, so the level of low income has also grown. In GDP the share of agriculture, forestry, and fishing is about 50%, industry and construction - about 16%, the rest falls on the service sector. Among the countries of sub-Saharan Africa Ghana in the general level of economic development and per capita income ($ 425) is one of the most developed countries, but still not as developed as the world leaders - the USA, China, the UK, Canada, etc. But the economic situation of the country wasnt always good. Since the mid-1950s to mid-1970s Ghanas economy has developed rapidly and in the period of 1955-1974 the annual GDP growth averaged 4%. After 1974 the economy has deteriorated significantly, and until the mid-1980s continued deep recession. The relative economic recovery began in 1984, and until 1995 the average annual growth rate of 4.7%. Annual population growth during the same period was estimated at about 3%. The reason for this is the predatory use of the rich natural resources of Ghana. Its economy has adapted exclusively to the needs of exploitation of the country by foreign monopolies. In their hands were entirely bauxite, gold and manganese ore, almost all logging and mining of diamonds. Foreign companies have also been buying cocoa beans from farmers. All these goods were exported from the country only in the form of raw materials, which hindered economic development of the country. The situation was no better in agriculture. Colonizers encouraged the introduction of the cocoa culture,

Online Auction Fraud Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Online Auction Fraud - Research Paper Example After the invention of the computer, various networks were made to ensure the computers were able to communicate with each other. As time progressed, developments were achieved in the application of the internet in business transactions but the systems in place were not in a capacity to handle all the needs. This provided loopholes for the commission of internet crimes by criminals, as they would hide the identity while undertaking their attacks thus leaving limited evidence of themselves. In mid-1990’s, the internet frauds had increased to alarming rates and researches on the causes of the rapid growth and how it could be curbed were conducted. During the period towards the end of the twentieth century, the â€Å"dot.com† era, which was manifested by increased use of internet by organizations and people, resulted in increase of internet fraud. Due to the continuous technological advancement, the internet frauds have been on the increase with the current number of fraud s being around three times those conducted in mid-1990. There are two types of internet fraud namely offline and online. In offline fraud, the criminal usually steal personal data mostly financial and use it to make transactions. In the online fraud, criminals pose as esteemed institution and thus receive personal data, which they illegally use to make transaction. Some of the commonly used internet fraud include international modem dialer, investment schemes, fake legal schemes, market manipulation; work at home schemes, pharming, phishing, auction, and online shopping. This paper seeks to give an in-depth analysis of auction internet fraud. Online Auction Fraud Due to the continuous technological development, the internet has provided a platform in which direct interaction of the buyer and the seller is not necessary for a transaction to be effectively completed. Criminal have used advantage of this where they misrepresent a product advertised for sale through the internet auction site, fail to deliver the item, or deliver an item but not as specified by the customer after receiving all the money as stipulated in their agreement with the customers. This is usually defined as online auction fraud. To avoid one being a victim of such activities, it is often advisable to undertake a business transaction with companies or individuals one is well conversant with, clearly understand the contract terms, read the privacy policy and use the most secure means of remitting personal information (Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 2006). Methods of victimization Since the internet auction process involves bidding by the interested parties, some people use this opportunity to victimize their target customers. Some of the most commonly used victimization methods include: Non-delivery- this usually occurs when one puts an item for bid whereas no such item exists. Therefore, despite the customer satisfying all the conditions set, he will never get the item (Anon, 2009.). During the transaction, the sellers get the financial details of the customer and thus may use them to exploit him/her further. Misrepresentation- this is mainly executed by altering the actual details of an item in order to win a customer. In most cases, the images are used since they can easily be manipulated. Triangulation- this is somehow technical and involves a person buying something from an online seller using stolen details.  

What Is Human Reproductive Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

What Is Human Reproductive Cloning - Essay Example As the report declares the most prominent theoretical source of objections in the ‘deontological’ school of thought is the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant, the German eighteenth-century thinker who stressed the ideas of ‘transcendental’ freedom and autonomy. To define his idea of the transcendental autonomy of human reason, Kant presented several formulations of what he called the ‘categorical imperative.’ This is the moral law that he thought people should obey without exceptions. The general idea and two specific formulations of this overarching rule, and see how they can (or cannot) be employed in objections to human reproductive cloning. This paper discusses that Kant’s first formulation, which is of more use, was â€Å"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law†. The definition of the goodness of genetic diversity does make some sense, but it does not support the Kantian objection to cloning. We can permit cloning in cases where people cannot have children by any other means without allowing it to become the only way of making babies – and without disturbing the human gene pool in any way. Besides, it could be argued that whatever accidental advantages the variety of genetic constitutions has had in the past could in the future be secured by considered genetic enhancements. The more Kantian way to proceed is to say that genetic diversity is good, because it is natural, or intrinsically linked with human reproduction.